The primary focus of national blood programs is the provision of a safe and adequate blood supply. This goal is dependent on\r\nregular voluntary donations and a regulatory infrastructure that establishes and enforces standards for blood safety. Progress in ex\r\nvivo expansion of blood cells from cell sources including peripheral blood, cord blood, induced pluripotent stem cells, and human\r\nembryonic stem cell lines will likely make alternative transfusion products available for clinical use in the near future. Initially,\r\nalloimmunized patients and individuals with rare blood types are most likely to benefit from alternative products. However, in\r\ndeveloped nations voluntary blood donations are projected to be inadequate in the future as blood usage by individuals 60 years\r\nand older increases. In developing nations economic and political challenges may impede progress in attaining self-sufficiency.\r\nUnder these circumstances, ex vivo generated red cells may be needed to supplement the general blood supply.
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